PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS  
 

I.    Theories

    A.    historical perspective

        1.    Stone Age

            a.    trephining

        2.    Ancient World

            a.    Hippocrates

                (1)    all forms of disease, including mental illness, have natural causes

                (2)    imbalance of body humors

                (3)    treatments = rest, solitude, good food and drink

        3.    Middle Ages and the Renaissance

            a.    religion began to dominate Western societies

            b.    abnormal behavior once again attributed to supernatural forces

            c.    lunatic

            d.    asylums

    B.    Biological model

        1.    medical perspective/biological model

        2.    psychiatry

        3.    psychological disorders are a form of illness produced by natural causes

    C.    Psychoanalytic model

        1.    disorders are symbolic expressions of unconscious conflicts

        2.    usually traced to childhood

    D.    Cognitive-Behavioral model

        1.    disorders result from learning

    E.    Diathesis-stress model and systems theory

        1.    integrates various theoretical models

        2.    diathesis-stress

            a.    some biological predisposition (diathesis) interacts with a stressful
                    circumstance

        3.    systems approach

            a.    examines how biological, psychological, and social risk factors combine
                    to produce psychological disorders

II.    Identifying/Classifying Psychological Disorders

    A.    Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)

    B.    five axes

        1.    Axis I - clinical disorders

        2.    Axis II - personality disorders

        3.    Axis III - general medical conditions

        4.    Axis IV - psychosocial and environmental problems

        5.    Asix V - global assessment of functioning

III.    Psychological disorders

    A.    Mood disorders

        1.    depressive disorders

        2.    bipolar disorders

        3.    causes

            a.    biological factors

            b.    psychological factors

                (1)    cognitive distortions

                (2)    learned helplessness

            c.    social factors

        4.    postpartum depression

    B.    Anxiety disorders

        1.    phobias

            a.    social phobia

            b.    agoraphobia

        2.    panic disorder

        3.    obsessive-compulsive disorder
 
        4.    posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

    C.    Psychosomatic and somatoform disorders

        1.    will not discuss in lecture -- be sure to review in text

    D.    Dissociative disorders

        1.    dissociative amnesia

        2.    dissociative fugue

        3.    depersonalization disorder

        4.    dissociative identity disorder

            a.    multiple personality disorder

    E.    Sexual and Gender-Identity Disorders

        1.    will not discuss in lecture -- be sure to review in text

    F.    Schizophrenic disorders

        1.    disturbances of thought and language

            a.    delusions

        2.    disturbances of perception

            a.    hallucinations

        3.    disturbances of emotion or mood

        4.    disturbances of motor behavior

        5.    disturbances in social functioning

        6.    positive vs. negative symptoms

        7.    origins

            a.    biological factors

            b.    family factors

            c.    cognitive factors

            d.    biochemical factors

            e.    brain structure

    G.    Personality disorders